Review The Tennessee Valley Authority And Its Consequences History Essay

check into The Tennessee vale Authority And Its Consequences History EssayWhen it was open in 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority was an extremely polemic organization. As sever of Roosevelts sunrise(prenominal) Deal and his first hundred days, in which he initiated galore(postnominal) brand- hot programs to jump dismay the nations economy and put deal back to piddle, the TVA was charged with the responsibility of providing electrical heartiness, improving infrastructure, and enhancing the role of life of the deeply depressed people sustenance in the Tennessee Valley. During the Great Depression, those populating this area resided in logarithm cabins, with only the bare essentials needed to survive, and sometimes less. Their objectives of electrifying rural the States came into direct conflict with the competitive ambitions of orphic inferior companies. Also, in order to accomplish their goals of improving the Tennessee Valleys waterways for transportation meant bui lding dam ups and man- do lakes, displacing thousands of locals who had dwell the area for hundreds of years. This operation not only involved relocating families to their new homes, which was met with an exceptional amount of resistance, but exhuming the thousands of carve and reburying them at new sites. However, although the work done by the TVA in this area was sometimes flawed, and scorned by many people in which the program aimed to ease, the organization helped to bring modern commodities to a section that had been devastated by the economic crisis of the Great Depression.The Tennessee Valley During the DepressionThe area surrounding the prospective site for Norris decametre had been settled for the past two hundred years and, like overmuch of Americas spring up primer coat further west, the land showed signs of exhaustion by grangers who did not consider the long term effects of everyplace farming. Prior to the Depression, many young men and women from the Tennes see Valley would move away from the area to their avow farms or to new cities of an increasingly industrialized Midwest. However, when tough economic times slip up the American people during the Great Depression, many of those who had go forth to begin their throw lives returned home to the safety and the familiar surroundings of their Tennessee homes. In the years between 1930 and 1935, the Tennessee Valley cut an increase in the areas population, which do living off what little the land provided nonetheless to a greater extent difficult than before.1Farmers in the Tennessee Valley primarily raised corn for their animals and livestock while raising some other crops for personal consumption. Tobacco was also raised to bring in a source of revenue, providing farmers with something they could sell in order to buy things they could not make or grow at home. Farming primarily for ones own personal use, called subsistence farming, was a way of life in the Tennessee Valley which a llowed for very few luxuries to the people which lived there. The 3500 farming families in the area which would be flooded by the Norris Dam included both property owners and live farmers, or farmers who grew cash crops like tobacco on another persons land in exchange for a place to live. Living conditions in the Tennessee Valley were extremely difficult for both of these groups. Even during the most well-off of times, there was not nearly enough money gained by way of local taxes to provide for qualified public schools, health services, or road construction.2Founding of the Tennessee Valley AuthorityOne of the TVAs primary objectives was to alter infrastructure and the ability to transport goods through the Tennessee Valley through the use of its rivers and other waterways. This was particularly the flake with an area of the Tennessee valley known as Muscle Shoals, Alabama, where the Tennessee River falls 140 feet in elevation over ab kayoed thirty miles. This dramatic drop in altitude graveld the rapids or shoals that the area received its named for, and made it extremely difficult for ships to go through and travel up further the Tennessee River. In 1916 the federal official giving medication gained ownership of the domain and began drawing up plans to build a dam there. The proposed dam was intended to produce electrical energy which was needed to manufacture explosives for the war effort. However, the First World War ended before the sites could be completed and utilized. During the next few years, the government debated over what should be done with the area. Some members of Congress argued that the dam should be sold to private organizations.SenatorGeorge W. Norrisfrom Nebraska, on the other hand, argued that the public should retain control over the area. Norris had act several(prenominal) times to initiate bills for the federal study of the region. However, they were all defeated by Republican administrations who saw no advantages to retaini ng the area. With the onset of the Great Depression, Americans viewed government economic intervention in the public interest much more favorably. The newly elected President Roosevelt, who had a previous interest in regional planning, conservation, and planning, back up Norris proposal to develop the Tennessee River Valley.3On the 18th of May, 1933 Roosevelt signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act as part of his first 100 days. The objectives of the TVA was to improve transportation along the Tennessee River, provide methods for flood control, plan reforestation, improve the tone of the poor farm lands, aid in industrial and agricultural development, and assist in the national effectiveification effort with the development of government owned phosphorus and nitrate manufacturing sites at Muscle Shoals.Although nigh ninety share of those living in urban areas had electricity by the 1930s, this was only true for ten percent of people living in rural areas. Private electricity companies, who were the primary suppliers of electric effect to the nations consumers, insisted that it would be too expensive to build electric lines to small, isolated rural farmsteads. They also argued that most farmers would not even be able to afford electricity in the event that they were provided the opportunity.Roosevelt and his administration held the belief that if private electricity companies could not or would not supply electric advocator to the American people, then it was the responsibility of the federal government to do it. In 1935, the Rural Electric Administration was established to electrify to rural areas such as the Tennessee Valley. In his 1935 article Electrifying the Countryside, the head of the REA, Morris Cooke, stated thatThough rural ability uses of electricity began thirty-five years ago on an irrigated farm in California, the 1930 Census showed that only one 10th of American farms had central station service. One of the barriers to the developme nt of farm electrification has been the rural line extension insurance policy of many of the utilities. The federal agency company has persisted in regarding the farmer not as a potential power customer, but as a small domestic consumer.4By the start of 1939 the REA had assisted in establishing several hundred rural electric cooperatives, which provided services to about 300,000 homes. Rural households with electricity had risen to twenty-five percent. Furthermore, the acts of the REA actuate private power companies to provide electricity to the countryside as well. When farmers did finally receive electric power, they helped to support local merchants by purchasing electric appliances. As in turned out, farmers generally required more energy than those living in the city, which helped to balance the extra expenses on the part of the electric companies in bringing power lines to the rural areas.The Tennessee Valley Authority established the Electric Home and Farm Authority to ass ist farmers in purchasing major electric appliances. The EHFA made special arrangements with appliance manufacturers to provide electric ranges, water heaters, and refrigerators at prices most farmers could afford. The new appliances were sold at local electric cooperatives and utility companies. It was here that a farmer could purchase appliances with loans assigned by the EHFA, who provided these loans with low-cost financing.5Electrification of rural land was based on the idea that affordable electricity would help to improve the standard of living and the economic independence of the traditional family farm. But electricity totally was not nearly enough to put a stop the hardships being faced by Americas farm communities. Furthermore, it did not stop the migration of rural farmers from the country to the city, or did the shrinking of the total number of family owned farms.underground to the TVAThere were many people who opposed the TVA and the federal governments participation in developing electric power in rural areas, in particular utility companies who thought that the government had an unfair advantage when competing with private companies. Also, some members of the Congress who didnt believe the government should grow the right to influence the economy, thought that the TVA was a potentially dangerous program which would bring the United States just that much closer to socialism.6Others believed that rural farmers did not have the knowledge or skills needed to maintain and support local electric companies.7The most powerful ambition to the Tennessee Valley Authority came from power companies, who found it hard to compete with the cheaper energy provided through the TVA, and they saw it as a danger to private development. They argued that the federal governments participation in the electricity industry was unconstitutional. The attack on the TVA was led by future presidential candidate Wendell Willkie, then president of the large power utility co mpany Commonwealth Southern Company.During the 1930s, many court cases were brought once morest the TVA. The Alabama Power Company presented a suit of clothes against the TVA that made it all the way to the Supreme Court. They argued that by entering into the electricity industry, the federal government had surpassed its essential powers. However, there attempts proved unsuccessful. In February of 1936, the Supreme Court came to the decision that the TVA had the right and spot to produce power at Wilson Dam as well as to sell and distribute that electricity. In 1939 the Court again maintained the constitutionality of the Tennessee Valley Authority.8Consequences of the TVAThe TVA was established in part to improve the standard of living in an region which was home to three-and-a-half million people. When Norris Dam was constructed, it submerged an space of 239 square acres where about 3,500 families resided. The Act establishing the TVA gave it the authority to exercise the right ofeminent domain, and in the purchase of any real estate or the chiding of real estate by condemnation proceedings, the title to such real estate.9Even though the TVA had been established for the purpose of improving the living conditions of the people living in the Tennessee Valley, the federal government neglected to offer much of any assistance in resettling the displaced families of the Norris Basin. In this area, farm owners were supplied with cash settlements for their property and were given help in the search for a new home. Tenants, who merely worked on the land but did not own it, received no payment at all. The Norris Basin had been home for thousands of families for centuries. Generations of people had been buried there. In add-on to relocating all of the areas living population, all of the regions dead had to be exhumed from their graves and reburied in places outside the reach of the lakes created by the Norris dam. For both the farm families and the TVA workers alik e, this process was extremely difficult.10Some of the families displaced by the Norris Dam benefited from the work of the TVA. Many people saw that their new homes were nicer and more comfortable than their old log cabin ones. Additionally, approximately one out of five had a member of their family who was employed by the TVA. However, sixty percent of the relocated families were relocated to new homes within the Norris Basin, which, even after the efforts of the TVA, continued to be a region prone to the same kind-hearted of problems of bad farming conditions and overpopulation and which had been a source of trouble from them prior.Similarly to other planned communities developed during FDRs New Deal, the small townspeople of Norris was initially supposed to be a great display for the electrification of rural America and city planning. Many people believed that Norris would be the perfect home for those displaced people from the Norris Basin. However, the construction workers who came to the area in order to build the Norris Dam also needed a place to stay. Because of this, Norris originally functioned as improvised housing for the TVA workers and their families, while the residents of the Norris Basin were forced to find other accommodations, often times in areas just as poverty-stricken as where they had come from.11The idea that Norris would become a model American town was a mistaken one from the start. TVA authorities made regulations excluding African-American families from living in the town. They argued that these measures were taken in order to conform to the traditions and customs of the region. However, black leaders were quick to point out that impoverished fair and black families had lived and worked together in the mountains and valleys of the basin for many years prior to the arrival of the TVA. During the 1930s, the National joining for the Advancement of Colored People coordinated three separate investigations of Tennessee Valley Authorit y for racial contrast in the housing and hiring of African-Americans.A man named Arthur Morgan, who was very interested in participation planning, imagined Norris as a self-sustaining community of people who involved themselves in small, local cooperative industries. Early in the development of Norris, some cooperative businesses were established. These included canneries, creameries, and poultry farms. The communitys public school became a focal point of of community activity. Educational classes were given to children as well as adults, and for the town people themselves and for the farming families from the surrounding communities. However, in spite of Morgans ambition and noble goals for the town, living in Norris was operated much like any other company town. The TVA managed almost every aspect of activity in Norris. Everything from the towns gas station to its cafeteria was operated by the TVA.12When the dam was finished, the construction workers left wing Norris. Working professionals who were employed by TVA or in nearby Knoxville saw Norris as a pragmatical alternative to life in the city, and the town slowly transformed into a white collar suburb of Knoxville. As the towns inhabitants became more affluent, and were required to travel to jobs which were outside of Norris, the cooperative organizations and many of the community driven activities diminished. In 1948, the government sold the town to a private corporation, who in turn resold the individual lots to the residents.The TVA made many advancements to the Tennessee Valley in terms of infrastructure, and the quality of life for the majority of the areas residents. This region was one of the hardest hit by the Great Depression. The majority of Americans living in rural areas were living without electricity at the start of the 1930s. Private utility companies were unwilling to spend the money needed to reach these rural communities with their power lines. As part of his attempt to bring the U nited States out of the Depression and into the modern era, Franklin Roosevelt initiated many new work programs, including the TVA. Unfortunately, these advancements sometimes came with sacrifice for those residents, in particular the displaced families of the Norris Basin. However, without these sacrifices, it may not have been possible for the people living in Tennessee Valley to improve their living conditions.