Discontinuities using Automatic Flaw Detectors

Discontinuities victimisation Automatic demerit detectorsEET 333 Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials Lab Report 3 -Calibration Procedure and Evaluations of Discontinuities employ Automatic Flaw Detectors USM 35, navy blue 58, dark blue 60Statement of ObjectiveIn the lab manual of arms try out 5 and audition 6 were displayed as separate trys. In examine 5, the frame-up of the equipment with programming the finesse and calibrating the frame-up for the GE recapitulation technologies Port satisfactory inaudible Flaw Detectors USM 35X, naval forces 58L, and USN60. In this experiment all(prenominal) told the standardization was victimization the GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultrasonic Flaw Detector USN 60 The objectives for experiment 5 was to manage the plantup of the Ultrasonic Flaw Detector was moderate and to manage to correct the Ultrasonic Flaw Detector for disparate invites. The essays atomic number 18 straight off shaft dig into and weight ray dig into these atomic number 18 excessively modes of standardisation. The opposite two rules of normalization atomic number 18 expanse bounty and surmount bounteousness standardisation.In experiment 6, the military rating of discontinuities using the GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors USM 35X, USN 58L, and USN 60. In this experiment, all information that was collected and presentd was using the GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultrasonic Flaw DetectorUSN 60. The objectives for experiment 6 were to seek and honour discontinuities in tripicular steel and aluminium. vane and aluminum was employ in the experiment to find the aloofnesss and configuration of the mar or discontinuities in e truly piece time-tested. The two techniques utilize are the 6 dB expend and dyers mignonette testing.TheoryIn experiment 5, the setup of the equipment and calibrating the setup for the GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultrasonic Flaw Dete ctors. These Detectors all(prenominal) pee-pee their own purpose in the field of nondestructive evaluation of materials and s contact ultrasonic waves through the essay(s) and display the received signals on the screen on the gubbins. There are many unalike canvass that washbowl be addicted to the devices. The model USM 35X is a smaller unit that has a battery for an easier sort to consumption in the field, the USN 58L and USN60 are larger models also the USN 60 is an updated version of the USN 58L. Both the USN 58L and USN60 still deplete batteries for portability just now are mostly employ in a stati unitaryd area. both of these detectors are capable to be connected to computers and using the program ULTRADOC to save images on the devices.In from each one experiment, there were many different studys apply. These probes and rules were apply to produce a refracted shear or longitudinal waves in the exemplar. In experiment 5 the probes habitd were single probe and triad-fold probe for straight transport probe. A single probe has only one element. A duel probe has two elements, each element is rake in a way that when one sends a tri locomote wrought wave and comes suffer it can be received by the other element. Before move the probe directly on the material a gelatin must(prenominal) be added to make a gapless space and to intromit the transmission of the ultrasonic waves to go through to the archetype successfully. When using the fish probe method, the gel must be between the crampfish and specimen but also must be between the transducer and the w pass on. The cant over probe method intakes a single probe that is attached to a wedge that has a specific tend and is only apply for that material.In experiment 5, there were many types of methods to calibrate the device. The different types were straight charge probe, tippytoe ship probe, area amplitude, and place amplitude normalisations. In each calibration method a di fferent block was used. In straight burn probe calibrations use a step calibration block and can be do from many different materials, but in this experiment we used steel, aluminum and Plexiglas substances which had 5 step on each block. The block hold outed at .5 and decreased to .1 in increments of .1.The blocks used to calibrate angle look at off probes were the IIW block and the small angle calibration blocks which were both made of steel. These blocks are the origin standards used for steel calibration. The blocks used for area amplitude and distance amplitude calibrations are the ATSM blocks set. The set includes nine blocks of steel with a diam of 1-15/16th inches and have a 5/64 dusky muss that was in the center butt surface in each block. Other blocks have distinct lengths that made different lengths from the top to the tidy sum in the block and other blocks had distinct diameter holes from each other.In experiment 5, using the straight beam probe calibration me thod first to find the discontinuities in a certain substance. This method was used in experiment 6 when we used the 6 dB drop method to find the magnitude and appearance of the discontinuity in bolts. In experiment 6 an angle beam probe method was used to find reproachs in given specimens, one of these methods was the weld testing method which institute these stigmas in the welded steel samples given in class. To find the discontinuity or soil in the weld the area amplitude and distance amplitude methods were used to find the specific flaw. These methods can be used to find the specked area in the specimen. Using the equation = 20 we can take the different in the gains and in V1 as 1 so put it in the and V2 come out to find the amplitude. Then we can create the interpretical records, area vs. amplitude and distance vs. amplitude.In experiment 6, the purpose is to be using the methods that were in experiment 5 to calibrate and then to find reproachs in specimens using t he two different techniques. One of the methods was the 6 dB drop method to track and find the appearance of the flaw in the specimen. This is done by when the amplitude is dropped by about half then you plunge the reproach. When using the equation = 20 and put in 2 for the the result ordain be 6 dB which is where the name for the method came from. The welding method is next, which is to find a defect in a weld and fall upon the defect by the appearance and location of it.EquipmentUSM35X, USN 58L, USN 60 GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors2 Transducers2.25 megacycle5.0 MHzAngle Wedge45703 spirit Calibration BlocksSteelAluminumPlexiglasIIW Calibration Block plaything Angle-Beam Calibration BlockASTM Calibration Block Set4 hyphens in BoxCouplant7 Weld Testing Steel SamplesAluminum photographic plate with DefectsCaliperPencilComputerULTRADOC sampleal Setup take in 1 intent 2 visit 3 habituss 1 shows the GE Inspection technologies Portable Ultraso nic Flaw DetectorUSN 60 used inwardly the laboratory. infix 4 conception 5 estimates 2,3,4,5,6,7 are figures of all the calibration blocks that were used in the laboratory. foreshadow 3 shows the miniature angle beam calibration block. Figure 2 shows the IIW calibration block. Figure 4 shows the step calibration block in different material types. Figure 5 shows the ASTM calibration kit.Figure 6Figure 6 shows the wedges that were used for angle beam calibration and testing. The left block is 45 and the right block is 70Figure 7 Figure 8Figure 7 shows the bolts that were tested in experiment 6 and figure 8 shows the steel weld samples that were also tested in experiment 6.ProcedureIn experiment 5 the first section was to setup the device. In the lab manual it says to refer to the devices manual but in the class the professor showed how to use the device. In this experiment we used a GE Inspection technology Portable Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors USN 60. To start off is to start to pro gram to device to the correct parameters. The meacertain(p)ments were always in inches and the probe was designatey under the PLSRCVR thrust menu. To set the probe if it is a single probe or dual probe we use the DUAL part on the screen to set dual on or off, in these experiments the dual will be off. The same screen will be a PULSER which should automatically be spike. After it was all completed under that tab, the station sack was pressed to go binding to the main menu screen. The left dial on the billet would modify the dB. The right dial would change the number the selector was put on. The range is changed so the cadence we are looking for is on the screen and not off the screen. To make for reliable you are reading the correct impetus you must set the furnish over the caprice and the width of the pulsation you are trying to read. The pulse should also have about 80 percent of amplitude. After all this setup the device may be begin to start to be calibrated.To beg in to calibrate with the straight beam probe for experiment 5, you must determine which material you will be testing and then adjourn the correct step block that correlates with that material. Determine if you are using a single or dual probe. In this experiment we used a single probe, so the DUAL should be off. If on the top of the lieu screen a box does not state the SA, then go to the results tab and make sure it is displayed, then hit the home button and press the autocal button. This will display two important windows of reviewer1 and REF2, these are programmed to which steps you are going to use on the block, and we picked .4 and .2 as the sources. The range is set to a length longer than the longer reference point you used to be able to see it on the screen. The frequency on the device should also match the frequency of the probe(s) being used. Put gel on the steps and then place the probe on REF1 which should be the smaller heaviness. Press record, make sure your gate is over the first pulse for REF1 and press record again, and then ingrain the probe to the second step, move the gate over the pulse and press record again. If it was done the right way the gate over the choke pulse recorded should show the numbered thickness on the step. Also on the home screen the speeding and probe foil should be the same as the material that is being tested. If this is correct then the calibration was a success. A demonstrate of the screen was interpreted for each calibration specimen.The next section of experiment 5 is to use the angle beam probe on the IIW block and miniature angle block by using a 45 wedge with a 2.25 MHz probe. To set the angle, go to the home screen and then hit the TRIG button, make sure the angle is set to the same angle the wedge you are using. Press the home button again and then go to the results tab and makes sure the boxes on the top of the screen are set up to display SA, PA, DA, A%A. Press the home button again. Press the autoc al tab and set the REF1 to 4 and REF2 to 9 to program the device for the IIW block, to program the device for the miniature block then set the REF to 1 and 4. Put gel between the transducer and wedge forwards putting them together. Put gel on the block and then place the probe at the 0 that is marked on the block with the job on the wedge. Do the same steps to record the REF as utter onward. The diaphragm number of the shear wave that is used in the angle beam probe should be divided by about 2 for the focal ratio of the longitudinal wave that is used in the straight beam probe in the same specimen. Pictures are interpreted with the gate over the 4 and 9 pulse for the IIW and the 1 and 4 pulse for the miniature block.The last(a) part of experiment 5 was to find the area amplitude and the distance amplitude by using the piston chambers from the ASTM set. These cylinders have the same superlative but the diameters of the hole within the cylinders are different. On the cylinde rs used the diameters were stated, which we used the cylinders that verbalise 3/64, 5/64, and 8/64. In prepare to make the graph area vs. amplitude, the equation = 20 was used with the found gain. To determine the distance the sixsome cylinders that had the same diameter hole within in it was used but the height of each cylinder was different which were 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2.25, 3.75, and 6.75. In order to make the graph distance vs. amplitude, the equation = 20 was used with the found gain..In experiment 6, the initial part was to find the depths of four bolts that are hidden from sight in a box with only the head of the bolt shown. In addition on the bolts we had to determine if the bolt had a defect and the location of the defect. To start, the device must be calibrated by using the straight beam probe method. Put the gel on the top of the bolt and use the 5 MHz probe, make sure the device is set on dual probe on for this probe. mend scanning the top of the bolt the pulses on t he screen should show the bottom of the bolt which will determine how long the bolt is, also before the pulse for the bottom, other pulses will determine if a defect was found and how far it is from the top of the bolt. Each bolt had a picture taken of the devices screen to show the defect. After testing the bolts, the next section was to use the 6 dB drop method as described before to seek and locate the appearance of the defect within the random aluminum specimen given. By calibrating the device using the straight beam method and covering the entire surface of the specimen with gel. The specimen was then examined with a horizontal and vertical motion with the probe to locate the defect. While this was contingency another person was watching the screen to make sure a pulse was not missed. The pulse would have two equal pulses when a defect was found, after a defect was found, the end was found on and a pencil mark was placed. Each time we found an edge we placed a pencil mark. Aft er we have decided we have found all the edges we would connect the dots to make the shape. After the shapes were decided upon, the back plate was removed and shown the real shapes of the defects, then comparing the drawn shapes wo the existing shapes.In experiment 6, the welding method was used to examine six welded steel specimens. To begin with start to calibrate the device for the angle beam probe using the procedures as stated before. Following those procedures, apply gel to the surface of the plate being tested and to search for the defect within the welded part of the plate by determining the depth in the specimen compared to the thickness of the specimen. Marking each end of the defect then beat the length of the defect, then to compare it to the given tatter that will be shown in the appendix, of the defect area. Also stated on the sheet, each length of the defect should be 1 inch in length.DATAExperiment 5Figure 9 forthwith pobe Steel .4Figure 10 immediately pobe Steel .3Figure 11 Straight pobe Steel .2Figure 12 Straight pobe Steel .5Figure 13 Straight pobe Steel .75Figure 14 Straight pobe Acrylic .4Figure 15 Straight pobe Acrylic .5Figure 16 Straight pobe Acrylic .3Figure 17 Straight pobe Acrylic .2Figure 18 Straight pobe Acrylic .75Figure 19 Straight pobe Al .4Figure 20 Straight pobe Al .5Figure 21 Straight pobe Al .3Figure 22 Straight pobe Al .2Figure 23 Angle beam , ref 1Figure 24 Angle beam, ref 2Figure 25 elucidation Angle Beam, ref 2Figure 26 Miniature Angle beam, ref 1Figure 27 Miniature angle beam reverse, ref 1Figure 28 Miniature angle beam reverse, ref 2Figure 29 Bolt 1 defectFigure 30 Bolt 1 lengthFigure 31 Bolt 2 edgeFigure 32 Bolt 2 spaceFigure 33 Bolt 3 LengthFigure 34 Bolt 3 edgeFigure 35 Bolt 4 LengthFigure 36 Bolt 4 DefectFigure 37 Cylinder 3/64 back wallFigure 38 Cylinder 3/64 diameter of flatcar bottomFigure 39 Cylinder 5/64Figure 40 Cylinder 8/64Figure 41 cylinder height 6Figure 42 cylinder height 3Figure 43 cylinder heigh t 1.5Figure 44 cylinder height .75Figure 45 cylinder height .5Figure 46 cylinder height .25Analysis of DataPart of experiment 5, in straight beam probe calibration, figures 9 through 24 shows pictures of the device screen of a few steps that we used to calibrate the device. For example in steel at .4 the probe delay was .4119us and pep pill was .2252 in/us. In figure 14 the Plexiglas was on stop .4 with a focal ratio of .0873 in/us and the probe delay was .4119 us. In figure 19 it sows the .4 step for aluminum, which shows a speeding of .2458 in/us and probe delay of .4713 us. In figures 13 and 18 show the side of the step block at .75 for another step.In angle beam probe calibration, the figures 23 through 28 show pictures of the screens device for those calibrations. Figure 23 and 24 shows the references of the IIW steel calibration block which had a velocity of .1599 in/us and probe delay of 26.4325 us. This value was supposed to be half of the straight beam calibration but it was wet enough. In figures 25 through 28 shows the miniature calibration block and the probe delay was 5.3931 us and the velocity was .1266 in/us. This was also compared to the straight beam probe velocity in steel and should be about half. It was bordering enough to be counted. Looking at the probe delays, it seemed to be sightly time for the distance it had to go.In area and distance amplitude calibration the figures 37 through 40 displayed the devices screen of each cylinder tested. Figure 37 shows the back wall of the 3/64 diameter hole which had a 25dB. In figure 38, it shows the 3/64 diameter of flat bottom hole at 53dB. In figure 39, shows the 5/64 diameter of flat bottom hole with a 50 dB. In figure 40, shows the 8/64 diameter flat bottom unit of measurement with a 47 dB. Each figure had a probe delay of .4822 us and a velocity of .2331 in/us, which was very close to the velocity reference for steel.Table 1DiameterNotation hit (dB)3/64V1535/64V2508/64V347Graph 1In tabl e 1 it displays the dB for every diameter. In graph 1 the area vs. amplitude calibration curve is shown. Table 1 and equation = 20 was used to calculate the calibration curve. An example of a calculation is shown belowV2-V1=40 dB 46dB= 6 dB = 20 V2= 2VIn figures 41 through 46, the pictures shown are the different senior high of cylinders but the diameter of the hole inside is the precise same. As follows, figure 41 shows 6 cylinder, figure 42 shows 3 cylinder, figure 43 shows 1.5 cylinder, figure 44 shows .75 cylinder, figure 45 shows .5 cylinder and figure 46 shows .25 cylinder. Each figure shows .2312 in/us for velocity and probe delay is 4.8750 us.NotationHeightSound PathGain (dB)V16.755.812100V23.752.97692V32.251.48074V41.5.74068V51.25.49161V61.24753Table 2Graph 2In table 2 it displays the dB and sound paths on the picture taken for each picture of different heights. In graph 2 it displays the distance vs. amplitude calibration curve. The curve was made from the equation = 20 and table 2. If you compare the graph with reference data my graph is not accurate at all. With my data incomplete this is an example of how to calculate the equationV3-V1=47.1 dB-97.2 dB= 50.1 dB = 20 V3=319.89VIn experiment 6 the bolt defects are shown in figures 29 through 36, which show a picture of the devices screen for the four bolts that were examined. Figures 29 and 30 for bolt 1 shows the length at 2.03in and defect at .608in, figures 31 and 32 shows bolt 2 with length of 3.398in and defect at .473in, figures 33 and 34 shows bolt 3 with length 3.954in and no defect but we took an edge of the bolt to show, figures 35 and 36 for bolt 4 shows length at 4.426in and defect at 3.922in. Figure 47 shows a picture of the bolts.Figure 47Aluminum Plate defect (6dB drop)-Figure 48Figure 49In figures 48 and 49, it displays the aluminum specimen that was tested in experiment 6 using the 6dB technique. Figure 48 shows the sketched markings and figure 49 shows the actual defects.Fig ure 50Defect 1 T= 0.375in length of defect= 1.013inFigure 51Defect 2 T= 0.395in Length of defect= 1.17inFigure 52Defect 5 T= 0.397in Length of defect= 1.012inFigure 53Defect 6 T= 0.390 Length of defect= 0.992Figure 54Figure 55Defect 7 T= 0.390 Length of defect= 1.047Figure 56Defect 8 T= 0.389in length of defect= 0.915inIn figures 50 through 56, shows the pictures for the six weld tests examined for experiment 6. Figure 50 shows defect 1 with thickness of .375 and defect at .035, figure 51 shows defect 2 with thickness of .395 and defect at .241, figure 52 shows defect 5 with thickness of .397in and defect at .201in. Figure 53 and 54 shows defect 6 with thickness of .390 and defects at .121 and .271. Figure 55 shows defect 7 with thickness of .390 and defect at .184. Figure 56 shows defect 8 with thickness at .389 and defect at .186. This data was compared to the sheet in the appendix.Discussion of ResultsIn experiment 5, we learned how to calibrate the three different detector devic es using many calibration techniques. One of the methods was straight beam calibration. Following the setup and transcription the pictures of the experimental data, we can gybe on the calibration was a success. This was agreed by making sure the heights matched the heights of the step block written on the steps. Our heights were very close to the actual height. To make sure this is correct we were also shown a probe delay and velocity. The velocity of steel we got .2252 in/us and the reference velocity was .2300 in/us. The probe delay was .4119 us which was authorise by Dr. Genis to be okay. For aluminum the velocity was .2458 in/us and compared to the reference velocity of .2490 in/us, our velocity was very close. The probe delay was .4713 us. For Plexiglas, the velocity was .0873 in/us and compared to the reference velocity .110 in/us was close but still had decent gap. The probe delay was .4119 us.The next part of experiment 5 was angle beam calibration. Following the setup and recording the pictures of the experimental data, we can agree on the calibration was a success. To see if our data matched was to detect the pulses were in the right place. For IIW calibration block, the first pulse seen was close to the 4 mark and the second pulse was also very close to 9 mark. For the miniature calibration block the first pulse was at 1 and the second pulse was at 4. We detected all the pulses were at the correct location on the screen. We were also able to get the velocity of .1599 in/us which are approximately half of the reference velocity for steel. The probe delay is 26.4325 us.In experiment 5, the last part was area amplitude and distance amplitude calibrations. For area amplitude we were able to figure out that we succeeded by the velocity and probe delay. The steel cylinders had a velocity of .2331 in/us, which compared to the steel reference velocity it seems to be very close. The probe delay of .4822 us seemed to match the accepted probe delay. The last part to confirm the data was from graph 1, which shows the area amplitude calibration curve that matched the reference curve that was presented in class. The velocity we obtained was .2312 in/us which was proper. A trend of 7 or 8 in different dB until between two of the cylinders, but at the end it was ok because as long as when the dB was raised the trend line was also being raised. Looking on the graph it seemed that either the graph was wrong or the collected data was wrong. It could be multiple reasons why