computer underground essays

computer underground essays The Computer Underground. The beginning of the electronic communication revolution that started with the public use of telephones to the emergence of home computers has been accompanied by corresponding social problems involving the activities of so-called "computer hackers," or better referred to as the computer underground (CU). The CU is composed of computer aficionados who stay on the fringes of legality. The CU is composed of relatively intelligent people, in contrast to the media's description of the ultra intelligent and sophisticated teenage "hacker." The majority have in common the belief that information should be free and that they have "a right to know." They often have some amount of dislike for the government and the industries who try to control and commercialize information of any sort. This paper attempts to expose what the CU truly is and dispel some of the myths propagated by the media and other organizations. This paper also tries to show the processes and reasons behind the criminalization of the CU and how the CU is viewed by different organizations, as well as some of the processes by which it came into being. What the CU is has been addressed by the media, criminologists, secuity firms, and the CU themselves, they all have a different understanding or levels of comprehention, this paper attempts to show the differences between the views as well as attempt to correct misunderstandings that may have been propagated by misinformed sources. The differences between the parties of the CU such as, "hackers," "crackers," "phreaks," "pirates," and virus writers have rarely been recognized and some deny that there are differences thus this paper attempts to give a somewhat clearer view and define exactly what each party is and does as well as how they relate to one another. Every individual in the CU has a different level of sophistication when it comes to computers, from the height of the advanced virus writer and networ...

Booker T. Washington Self-Made Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Booker T. Washington Self-Made Man - Essay Example â€Å"No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.†Ã‚  (Washington, Booker T) Washington was able to help those that were discriminated, especially in regaining their rights to vote. He was known as the ‘Tuskegee Machine’ by those that opposed his actions and resented power to the blacks because according to such people, blacks were only meant to be slaves for their thinking was too narrow to allow more communities of people to live in harmony with one another. However, through his speeches and lectures, he was able to help a large number of people understand the ill associated with slavery and thus gain the support of white people belonging to affluent families, black people engaged in the business or working class in society, religious and educational institutions and leaders belonging to the two sects. By mustering so much support, he gained power and was able to inspire many African Americans into ca rrying out new jobs, taking to entrepreneurship, assisting them in mainly climbing the social and financial ladder by emerging out of the depression that slavery had created in their lives by creating happiness for them and thus educating them about the power of being self-reliant instead of depending on others for their livelihoods. He was of the impression that race discrimination mainly existed because of the lack of education among African Americans; they were completely stripped of their rights because of pressure from white people to work as slaves and earn very little or no amount money to sustain their lives as well as those of their families’. Washington was able to gather support as well as philanthropic donations and funds from influential people and set up many societies in the agricultural as well as production sector, helping the slaves to rise from their positions. He helped in educating them so that they could lead a better lifestyle and earn money rather than being dominated and treated like servants. His main aim was to help them from the drudgery that they were stuck in and bring them to par with the white people; his personal life story, as depicted in his book, was thus a wonderful example for people to follow and live by, as a story of hard work and diligence and thus is known as a ‘self-made’ man. Another well-known figure in the past of American philanthropy and sociological thinking is Jane Addams, responsible for reforming America during the Progressive Era and pioneering work in the field of women’s rights including their right to vote and to be able to gain access to a healthier standard of life, especially for mothers and their children. Addams did state that women and men alike needed to be self-reliant and self-made and not dependent on other people for their living, however she was skeptical regarding Washington’s demands because according to her people belonging to the lower rungs of society co uld not just rise out of the blue. They needed financial as well as other forms of social

APPLIED ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT Essay

APPLIED ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The problems solved revolve around the practical moral issues, specifically those related to professions such as law or medicine or accounting. There are at least six ethical theories as described by some scholars (Champion, 2007). Plato describes the absolutism theory. This theory relates to the personal character of the individual. It helps answer the question regarding the kind of life one is entitled to live. It is based on the principle; conform to forms, that is, basis on ideals that make the reality. The source of value according to this theory is the form of goodness. The method applied here is reasoning the nature of analogies and unchanging ideals. An example of such an ethical principle is lying, which does not conform to the truth form. The principle is exceptionless in that the form of goodness advocated for is not known (Champion, 2007). Aristotle describes eudaimonism which helps answer the question relating to the kind of person one should be. It also relates to the personal character. The principle is to maintain and develop activities in line and obedience to the rationale principle. The value source is the human nature which determines the well being of humans. The method for determining this is through examining and analysing the commonly used moral language and other moral ideas. St Thomas Aquinas describes ethics based on the natural law. It relates to personal character just like the two discussed above. The question asked relates to the kind of person one should be (Champion, 2007). The principle here is to promote whatever is termed and defined as good and discard the evil commitments. The good behaviours are advocated for by the society, family, self preservation and knowledge. The value source for this ethical behaviour is human and universe nature as referenced by God. The human inclinations are examined and reasoning the nature of law. Cultural differences among the ordering society are a major control issue (Champion,

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich Essay

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich - Essay Example Theodore (1983) is usually credited with globalization's first use in an economic context. The term globalisation has come become popular since the 1980s. Technological advances have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade of goods and financial flows. In other words globalisation refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. There by turning the world into a global village. However, the opportunities provided by globalisation in real sense in not the same for all the countries and hence it has created an economic imbalance. This has resulted in the emergence of groups protesting against globalisation. This paper examines if globalisation has really been a curse for poor countries and a blessing for rich countries. As we examine the recent history it can be found that though globalisation offers wide-ranging opportunities for worldwide development, but it is not systematic in providing it in an evenly manner. It should be noted that some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy or the trends of globalisation more quickly than others. These countries which have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. In fact it can be said that the outward-oriented policies resulted in dynamism and greater success to much of East Asia, changing its status from poor countries to rich and prosperous countries. As the standard of living rose in these regions, it was possible to make advancement on democracy and economic issues. It should be noted that the opportunities of globalization comes with risks. For instance, the risks arising from volatile capital movements, the risks of social, economic, and environmental degradation created by poverty, and many more (IMF Staff, 2000). However, the countries which has prospered using globalisation has also had the similar risks, the only difference is that they took this as an opportunity to fight poverty and the others who did not make it, took globalisation as a reason to balm for poverty. The wave of globalization has been accompanied by policies changes that have opened economies domestically and internationally. During the past few decades, many governments adopted free-market economic systems, enormously increasing their own productive potential and creating numerous new opportunities for international trade and investment. In order to promote trade in goods, services and investments, many governmentshave established international agreements and changed their policies that dramatically reduced barriers to commerce. These countries in order to take full advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets have allowed the growth of multinational corporations, built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. As a result these countries have benefited immensely. After the MNCs and the foreign companies, the advancement in technology has been the next most important driver of globalization. Development and advances in information technology, in particular, have significantly transformed the economic status of different countries.

Morality and Sacrifice Essay Example for Free

Morality and Sacrifice Essay â€Å"Sacrifice† is the surrender of a greater value for the sake of a lesser one or of a non value. Thus, altruism gauges a man’s virtue by the degree to which he surrenders, renounces or betrays his values (since help to a stranger or an enemy is regarded as more virtuous, less â€Å"selfish,† than help to those one loves). The rational principle of conduct is the exact opposite: always act in accordance with the hierarchy of your values, and never sacrifice a greater value to a lesser one. â€Å"Sacrifice† does not mean the rejection of the worthless, but of the precious. â€Å"Sacrifice† does not mean the rejection of the evil for the sake of the good, but of the good for the sake of the evil. â€Å"Sacrifice† is the surrender of that which you value in favor of that which you don’t. If you exchange a penny for a dollar, it is not a sacrifice; if you exchange a dollar for a penny, it is. If you achieve the career you wanted, after years of struggle, it is not a sacrifice; if you then renounce it for the sake of a rival, it is. A sacrifice is the surrender of a value. Full sacrifice is full surrender of all values. If you wish to achieve full virtue, you must seek no gratitude in return for your sacrifice, no praise, no love, no admiration, no self-esteem, not even the pride of being virtuous; the faintest trace of any gain dilutes your virtue. If you pursue a course of action that does not taint your life by any joy, that brings you no value in matter, no value in spirit, no gain, no profit, no reward—if you achieve this state of total zero, you have achieved the ideal of moral perfection. If you wish to save the last of your dignity, do not call your best actions a â€Å"sacrifice†: that term brands you as immoral. If a mother buys food for her hungry child rather than a hat for herself, it is not a sacrifice: she values the child higher than the hat; but it is a sacrifice to the kind of mother whose higher value is the hat, who would prefer her child to starve and feeds him only from a sense of duty. If a man dies fighting for his own freedom, it is not a sacrifice: he is not willing to live as a slave; but it is a sacrifice to the kind of man who’s willing. If a man refuses to sell his convictions, it is not a sacrifice, unless he is the sort of man who has no convictions. Sacrifice could be proper only for those who have nothing to sacrifice—no values, no standards, no judgment—those whose desires are irrational whims, blindly conceived and lightly surrendered. For a man of moral stature, whose desires are born of rational values, sacrifice is the surrender of the right to the wrong, of the good to the evil. The creed of sacrifice is a morality for the immoral—a morality that declares its own bankruptcy by confessing that it can’t impart to men any personal stake in virtues or values, and that their souls are sewers of depravity, which they must be taught to sacrifice. By its own confession, it is impotent to teach men to be good and can only subject them to constant punishment.

Ironies and Paradoxes :: Literary Writing Essays

Ironies and Paradoxes ABSTRACT: In contemporary literary culture there is a widespread belief that ironies and paradoxes are closely akin. This is due to the importance that is given to the use of language in contemporary estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to embody the sorts of a linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the dominant criteria of literary value. The association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and more specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a manner that was unconventional, even eccentric, and that differed significantly from their use in figurative theory. I therefore examine irony and paradox as verbal figures, noting their characteristic features and criteria, and, in particular, how they differ from one another (for instance, a paradox means exactly what it says whereas an irony does not). I argue that irony and paradox â⠂¬â€ as understood by Brooks — have important affinities with irony and paradox as figures, but that they must be regarded as quite distinct, both in figurative theory and in Brooks’ extended sense. In contemporary literary culture there is a widespread belief, or feeling, that ironies and paradoxes are closely akin. This is due in part to the huge importance that is given to the use of language in contemporary descriptions and estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to reflect and embody the sorts of linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the dominant criteria of literary value. The explicit association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and more specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a manner that was unconventional, even eccentric. He seemed to think of irony as a principle of order and unity: not so much a feature of language or meaning as a sort of coherence yoking disparate elements together, rather like Aristotle's conception of wholeness and integrity in Poetics 8 (Brooks 1951). As for paradox, Brooks seemed to regard it as a quality in language very like Viktor Shklovsky's defamiliarisation: that is, a deviation from conventional language designed to wrench our perceptions and our thoughts into unaccustomed, and therefore enlightening, pathways. Paradox, in this view, is a device which compensates for the limitations of conventional language, and is thus the only way in which poets can express the unconventional insights that are their stock in trade.

Review of Kala Ghoda Essay

Kala Ghoda Arts Festival has begun from 2nd February and will run till 10th February 2013. The Festival enters into 14th year in 2013; its popularity is growing from over the years. It is a great festival held in the city of Mumbai every year with great vibrancy, excitement, drama and colors of cultures are experienced. This festival welcomes people from all over the country and from abroad. The festival includes street stalls, theatre, heritage walks, dance, music, films, literature, workshops for adults and children, visual arts, and much more. It is a nine day festival which refreshes everyone’s minds and inspires them for future. . Kala Ghoda used waste material keeping in their mind environmental issues. The music and dance events at the annual Kala Ghoda Arts festival was shifted from Kala Ghoda to Cross Maidan, after organisers agreed to not use loudspeakers in the silence zone. Silence zones are areas that are within 100 metres of courts, educational institutions, reli gious places and hospitals. The first thing you notice when you enter is the huge camera with few posters of Bollywood celebrities; a tribute to 100 years of Hindi Cinema. There is also an ode to Bollywood with an installation called ‘Cinemachi’. â€Å" Kapala’s Totems â€Å" exists to evoke awarenessof the danger of electronic waste – discarded electronic ,lech lead and other heavy metals. Where the â€Å"Plastic Rain â€Å" the pitter patter of rain gives way to the thump of falling plactic bottle. This installation is a reminder of how serious an effects plactic can have on our planet. While ‘Cycle Chalao City Bachao’ sends out a message of the urgent need of going eco-friendly while travelling, another installations points out the the hazards of noise pollution y Sumeet Sanjay Patil, which has vibrant cut outs of popular past and present film stars . Another installations has a car covered with coins. ‘Time To Change’ by 11-year-old Dev Mehta showcases a car, painted in vibrant hues as a symbol of the city that never sleeps constantly moving, changing and racing ahead. And an installation of of Mumbai’s ever-dependable dabbawallas towers over the crowd. While ‘Cycle Chalao City Bachao’ sends out a message of the urgent need of going eco-friendly while travelling, another installations points out the the hazards of noise pollution Among the many transport-themed pieces on display, this work is a call to more eco-friendly (and pimped out) modes of transport. Dhanda’ by Baaya Design this sculptural skyline of the city is meant to be a â€Å"visual pun† of sorts (the word â€Å"dhanda† means business or livelihood in Hindi). We’re seeing it as an accurate depiction of present-day Mumbai, with among other things the Bombay Stock Exchange (see the second â€Å"d†) looking down on a sea of slums. The horrific Delhi gang-rape case also found creative expression in the form of a broken doll house with newspaper reports of crimes against women. â€Å"Homogeneity in diversity â€Å"Brands have inducted homogeneity among people. And how can money not make it’s presence felt in the financial capital of the country. A popular installation, which evokes smiles and giggles from the thronging crowd, is ‘Corrupt Us’ by VikramArora. Showcasing government officials saluting a hundred rupee note fluttering above them. While on the other side there were food stalls , handmade painting stall and also a Mehendi stall. This year, like the rest of India, the Kala Ghoda Art Festival is also screaming ‘change’ and everything has been fashioned for children.