Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT PRESENTED IN FULFILMENT OF PART OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT STUDENT chance on MUTITU EVELYNE . W. STUDENT REGISTRATION No L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT 4480 - DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT - THURSDAY, 29TH SEPTEMBER 2011 - -I am awargon of academic rationales on buccaneering and republic that the work covered by this report is my own and does not contain any unac have sexledged work from opposite sources. - PRINT NAME MUTITU EVELYNE . W. - tactual sensation - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 ABSTACT 1. 1 Objectives 1. 2 Method 2. 0 INTRODUCTION 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 Definition of defilement 3. 2 downplay of defilement in Kenya 3. 3 Statistics on defilement in Kenya 3. 4 Perpetrators of defilement in Kenya. 3. Age of defilement victims in Kenya 3. 6 Possible explanations as to why defilement is on the rise 3. 6. 1 Gender inequality and patriarchal notions 3. 6. 2 Cultural practises 3. 6. 3 Poverty 3. 6. 4 Cul tural and cordial stereotypes 3. 6. 5 Failed institutions 3. 7 Laws governing the prosecution of knowledgeable violence against churlren 3. 7. 1 The constitution 3. 7. 2 Sexual offences act, 2006 3. 7. 3 The electric razorrens act 3. 7. 4 The deplorable procedure code 3. 7. 5 The employment act 3. 8 Challenges for seeking redress in innerly assaulted children 3. 8. 1 Slow judicial system . 8. 2 P3 and PRC form 3. 8. 3 Poor investigation and prosecution 3. 8. 4 Conflicting medical reports 3. 8. 5 Cultural and social stigma in report deterrent examples 3. 8. 6 Ignorance of the public 3. 8. 7 Gender desks 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 Possible avenues of dealing with defilement 4. 1. 1 Applying the equality provisions in the tender constitution 4. 1. 2 Civic fostering 4. 1. 3 Advanced technology in collecting evidence 4. 1. 4 Legislation to curb cultural practises advance defilement 4. 1. 5 Special desks in practice of law force stations for sexually assaulted victims 4. . 6 Homes for abused children 4. 1. 7 The sexual offences act 4. 2 In aestival 4. 3 Acknowledgement 4. 4 Recommendation 5. 0 References 5. 1 Statutes 5. 2 approximately separate sources DEFILEMENT MENACES A FREQUENT GUEST IN THE CORRIDORS OF JUSTICE 1. 0 ABSTRACT 1. 1 OBJECTIVE The objective of this research was to find kayoed why the number of defilement cases is increasing daily yet most of the other crimes atomic number 18 decreasing. It is also meant to find out if the judiciary is doing enough to curb this social evil and if has played any determination in its rise. 1. 2 method actingI spent two months at Limuru law act and I listened to numerous defilement trials. I held several discussions with the Magistrate and children officers and consulted numerous researches done on the same. 2. 0 INTRODUCTION Under the internal OFFENCES ACT (2006) a person who defiles a child aged eleven familys or below shall upon conviction be sendenced to imprisonment for life if the child is aged between 12 and 15 eld, the term of imprisonment shall not less than 20years and if the child is between 16-18 years old, the polluter faces a term of no less than 15 years behind bars.These argon penalties that one would hope would scare the wits out of any person who is at least of reasonably sound mind from conceiving the slightest idea of de register a minor in Kenya, only judging from the rampant cases of defilement this is not so. The harmonize of the society is that a parent conduces birth to a child and natures it, teaching it to grow into a responsible human beingness. The teacher then takes up the business of nurturing when the child is about four years of age impacting knowledge on the child.The church impacts moral grades on the child and the rest of the society moulds this child in preparation for greater responsibilities in the future. A child is a vulnerable member of society as they can barely survive on their own. The society is mandated with the responsibili ty of protecting the child solely it has abandoned that responsibility and even those closest to these children are hurting them. About one in all(prenominal) five inform crimes around Limuru area was a sexual offence and most of them being defilement cases.This disturbing practise has not only unnatural the girl child but even the boy child is no long-lived safe. The shocking revelation is that half of the defilement cases are by a relative followed by Close family friends, teachers and very few amaze strangers involved. Most of the children are vitiate at their homes, at a relatives house, on their way to school or to the shop. The home which was a safe heaven for every(prenominal) child is no longer safe and neither are the schools where these children spend the better part of their day.Several questions linger in the mind as one tries to figure out why Kenyan society has seemingly false this way. Was this evil ever-present but just not reported in the way it is today? I s it a sad reality recently revealed, or a growing modern menace? Does it derive from ignorance, perversity, or just plain evil? Are these the tell-tale signs of the last days as described in the discussion of Revelations as some would throw off it, or are they just illustrations of a decaying society? And how do we stop this abomination?One does not arouse to be a devout Christian to hope a millstone testament be cast about the complete of each and every perpetrator forward they are thrown into the wet. Neither does one obligate to be a reactionary to bank that the development of our modern society has had a role to play. any way, this appalling issue has to be urgently addressed. 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT Oxford dictionary to damage the purity or the appearance of something. Sexual Offences Act S. 8 a person who commits an act which causes penetration with a child. . 2 BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN KENYA The African man has always been viewed as sterling (prenominal) to the woman. Most of the African cultures portray the man as a superior being who should be come aftered without question. On the other hand the woman is painted as a submissive creature availed for the pleasure of men. This is aptly demonstrated in most of the Kenyan cultures. For example, the kikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is derived from the word urume which means exceedingly courageous.In contrast, the woman is known as mutumia which is derived from the word tumia which means use. This is a major reason why the kikuyu man not only considers himself as the superior sex but also sees a woman simply as a vessel for his use (Kariuki 2004). Most cultures portray the girl child as an investment and usually when her time to get married comes what matters is the bride price they will receive. Often when a girl is getting married her parents will advise her to obey her husband and take care of him lest he will demand back the bride price (Davis on 1989).The boy child on the other hand is brought up being taught that it is weakness for a man to succumb to emotion as it makes you analogous a woman. And as most men age, they learn to cancel out or deny erotic sensations that are not specifically linked to what they think a real man is to feel (Stoltenberg 198933). The boys are raised up acquisition that a man gives instructions that should be followed without question and even join of Kenyan communities hasten encouraged chastising of women. Being a man is measured by dint of violence and sex treetopability.So, when masculinity is associated with aggression and sex conquest ,domineering sexual behavior and violence become not only a means of structuring ply relations between men and women , but also a way of establishing power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it reaches its most extreme expression peradventure among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) wrote that all sexual intercourse was played as rape with women even in marriage expected to resist 3. 3 STATISTICS ON DEFILEMENT IN KENYA * In 1991- in a mixed boys school, boys invaded girls dormitory and raped 70 girls leading to 19 deaths. 2 May 1992, 15 girls were raped at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza province. * A joint report by TSC and a non-profitable organization revealed that 12660 students were sexually abused by their male teachers from 2003-2007. Out of all these only 633 teachers were foold with sexual abuse. * In 2010 more than 1000 teachers were fired for sexually abusing girls. * In a standard newspaper article published on 09/02/2010 there was a story of a teacher who mar a deaf girl getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 cases of students being defiled by teachers were reported, in 2008, 100 cases were reported and in 2009, 122 cases were reported. Out of every 100 rape cases handled by police, child honorables groups, and selected hospitals, 40 were committed by fathers according to the study conducted by the Chambers of Ju stice * patrol statistics showed that rape and defilement were the most prevalent crimes in 2010 even as other offences reduced by 5%. * Out of 57826 crimes reported in 2010, 785 were rapes and 2660 were defilements. In 2009 729 were rapes and 2242 were defilements. * A report given by the media in 2005 showed the following results MONTH RAPE DEFILEMENT July 33 51 August 10 22 kinfolk 3 28 October 0 15 November 7 18 December 6 27 TOTAL 59 161 * 42 cases of sodomy were also reported between July and December of 2005. 3. 4 PERPETRATORS Several researches have shown that fathers are the greatest perpetrators out of 100 reported cases 40 are by fathers. Other family members, neighbors, teachers and gangs are also topping the list. A research paper titled, A media coverage on sexual violence and its implication on educational leadership carried out by J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita showed the following results.OFFENDER PROFILE BY NUMBER OF INCIDENCES REPORTED In R v MICHINO NJOROGE, LIMURU SPM, CR 69 OF 2011, 08/06/2011. The incriminate person was a cousin to the victim. In R v GODFREY MUGENDI NYAGAH. LIMURU SPM, CR 926 0F 2011, 27/06/2011, the accused was a neighbour. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO. LIMURU SPM, CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011, the accused was a cousin to the victim and he even impregnated her forcing her to procure an abortion as she had a heart problem which couldnt allow her to carry the maternal quality at her age. In R v MOSES WAFULA.LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011,28/07/2011 The accused was a father to the victim. These are just a few examples of the many defilement cases in Limuru carried out by either a family member or a neighbour. 3. 5 AGE OF DEFILEMENT VICTIMS Defilers are going for younger girls every wizard day. In Limuru the victims were aged between 9 to 15 years. In R v ANTHONY NJIHIA WANGARI. LIMURU SPM CR 401 OF 2011 29/06/2011. The victim was a 9year old girl. In R v CHARLES KIEMO LIMURU SPM CR 1130 OF 2010, 18/07/2011. The victims were b oys aged 12 and 14 years.In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011. 28/07/2011, the victim was a 10 year old girl. Researches have shown that even one month old babies are being defiled. ( J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita) in a research paper titled violence against women by Winnie . v. mitulla show that in 1996, 9 children of age 2 4 12 of age 5 7 10 of age 8 10 8 of age 11 13 and 6 of age 14 were defiled whereas in 1995, 7 children of age 2 4 13 of age 5 7 22 of age 8 10 7 of 11 13 and 10 of 14 16 were defiled. hese may not be the comminuted numbers but they paint a vague picture of how children are suffering in the hands of defilers. 3. 6 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF WHY DEFILEMENT IS ON THE RISE 3. 6. 1 GENDER INEQUALITY AND PATRIACAL NOTIONS The Kenyan society has been natured in a way suggesting that the man is superior while the woman is inferior and is meant to be submissive to the man. As a result most women lack the ability to protect their children from their abusive husbands. Some even leave their matrimonial homes due to the score of suffering inflicted by their husbands leaving behind their children.I was reading a blog ion the internet where a girl narrates her ordeal after her mother leftfield due to constant beating by her father. As the first born she assumed her mothers duties which included having sex with her father who forced her to piece of land a bed with him. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The accused person actually threatened to kill the victim, who was his daughter, and her mother if he was sent to jail. The mother to the accused was quoted saying that his son was the man of the house and his wife had no right to question his actions 3. 6. CULTURAL PRACTISES Some of the cultural practises in Kenya have done more harm than good to the Kenyan child. An example is the Samburu community which practises a cultural practise known as beading. They justify this practise claiming it prevents promiscuousness when instead it encourages incest. Beading means that a girl as young as 9 years old is engaged to a relative sometimes as old as her grandfather by use of traditional attires popularly referred to as beads. During the engagement, the admirer places a special necklace around the girls neck to indicate he has officially booked the young one.He follows this by bringing beads in large quantities which are also put in girls neck as a sign of official commencement of intimate relationship though it does not lead to marriage as the two are related. The couple is allowed to have sexual intercourse but pregnancy is highly forbidden. Incas it does happen, it has to be terminated immediately despite the high risks involved. Early marriage which has been a wide practised culture is also defilement in its own sense because girls as young as 5years are forcefully married to older men.In a research paper empower gender, sexuality, and HIV a girl from Amhara Ethiopia is quoted s aying that, she hates early marriages as she was married off at five years and first had sex at 9 years. She says that her in-laws forced her to sleep with her husband who made her suffer all nighttime and after that night whenever day became night she was worried that she would go through the same ordeal. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The victim while giving her evidence tried to go to sleep her statement that her father had defiled her.On realising this, the prosecutor informed the magistrate and when they carried out an inquiry it came to their attention that the victim and the mother had been threatened by the accuseds mother. When we were in chambers the magistrate told us that in some customs fathers have sexual intercourse with their daughters as a way of appreciating themselves for raising them up. It sounds so ludicrous but its actually happening. 3. 6. 3 POVERTY Poverty in Kenya has become a reason for every social evil. Children have to look for unconcerned work in order to assist their parents in meeting basic needs.Incidences where a student was defiled while cleaning or fetching water for their teachers are very common. Aside from that some children are defiled and their defilers offer compensation to their parents who quickly take their money focusing on their economic problems. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO, LIMURU SPM CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011. The accused was the victims cousin and he actually impregnated her. The father of the accused offered to compensate but luckily the victims mother in this case forsweard to accept it.However very many defilement cases go unreported as parents like to take the money leaving this social evil unpunished. Powerful men in the society also defile young girls and go unpunished as they are able to bribe the police and magistrates earning their freedom. This encourages people with power and money to take advantage of children as they know they can easily get forward with i t. 3. 6. 4 CULTURAL& SOCIAL STEREOTYPES According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is a person or thing seeming to conform to a firmly accepted type.Sex-role stereotypes have also been defined as the rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that MALES & FEMALES possess distinct (and similar) psychological traits and characteristics. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her familys welfare before her own be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused hold his emotions in check and always initiate sex.Owing to the expectation that men should be breadwinners in the family, men turn to aggression in an attempt to suppress their status and continue dominating their wives or their close female relations when they perceive an economic rise by them. This means that the woman remains dependant on the man and condones his violent acts. This affects the children as they have no one to protect them as their mothers are week. Most of these girls believe they should be submissive and end up not even telling anyone their ordeal.Which is why some cases will go undiscovered unless the girl gets pregnant or contracts a disease. The woman is meant to keep herself for her husband and society views a lady who is not a virgin as lose. The value attached to female chastity is so high that even where a woman is a survivor of sexual abuse, the typical community response is to impound and stigmatise her. The shame and stigma attached to sexual violence, and the lenient penalties meted out on offenders in formal and traditional judicial systems, silences survivors. 3. 6. 5 FAILED INSTITUTIONSThe collapse of the rule of law in conflict situations encourages sexual crimes on a massive scale. The difference between the p rotector and the perpetrator is not clear anymore. The perpetrators and perpetuators of sexual violence in conflict and non-conflict settings are categorised into three groups. First the disciplined forces e. g. the police, army et. al. secondly family members and the community and thirdly the structures and institutions of protection (the political relation and its organs, UN, AU, and other humanistic organisations).It is often difficult to tackle impunity for sexual crimes committed during conflict because perpetrators and perpetuators often take up powerful positions in post-conflict governments. This gives them an avenue to intimidate their victims. The UN and similar institutions refuse to take responsibility for these crimes. Their correction policy often entails forwarding offenders together with reports on them to their respective countries judicial systems. This practise takes away any hope of arbitrator for the survivors.This is very evident in Kenya as very many childr en were defiled during the 2007-2008 post-election violence and 4 years down the line no justice has been granted. We are only hoping that the ICC can give the survivors some peace of mind but we all know that, that is politic miles away from happening. 3. 7 LAWS GOVERNING THE PROSECUTION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN 3. 7. 1 The Constitution of Kenya the bill of rights S. 53(1) (d) states that every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural Practises, all forms of violence, inhuman discourse and punishment and hazardous or exploitive labour. . 7. 2 Sexual Offences Act, 2006 defilement of a child * gray 11 years or less- life imprisonment. * Aged between 12-15 years- not less than 20years. * Aged between 16- 18 years- not less than 15 years 3. 7. 3 The Childrens Act, 2001 S. 13(1) provides that a child is entitled to protection from physical and psychological abuse, neglect and any other form of exploitation including sale, trafficking or abduc tion by any person. 3. 7. 4 The Criminal Procedure Code, cap 75 of the laws of Kenya S. 186 3. 7. 5 The Employment Act, 2007 S. 6 3. CHALLENGES FOR SEEKING REDRESS IN SEXUALLY ASSAULTED CHILDREN 3. 8. 1 SLOW JUDICIAL SYSTEM It becomes very frustrating for the complainant, the children, and those filing the suit on behalf of the children when a matter takes over two years to be resolved. The prosecution tends to seek endless adjournments for various reasons to wit, lack of police file, attester not being in court, absence of the doctor or the investigating officer amongst other things. Courts are supposed to be liberators but instead they have become instruments of subjugation. 3. 8. 2 P3 AND PRC FORMDefilement victims are required to fill a P3 form after being examined at a government hospital however the P3 form is not detailed and is inadequate to fill. The PRC form was introduced during the national reproductive health strategy 2009-2012 it was meant to replace the P3 form but some doctors have said its alike detailed and it feels like a research tool, whereas the P3 Form is very basic as it catches the physical state and any injuries to the genitalia, with special reference to the labia majora, labia minora, vagina, cervix and also notes presence of discharge or venereal diseases.The P3 form is supposed to be given free of charge but in some hospitals in rural areas it is sold at ksh. 1500 which they say is the doctors fee to go and testify in court and this makes some people prefer to spend that money on other basic needs rather than on a document. 3. 8. 3 POOR INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS jurisprudence prosecutors have little knowledge on the essentials of evidence. This makes their prosecution very poor and the experienced advocates have a very easy time defeating the prosecution case. The police also tend to mishandle exhibits and there are endless incidences of missing police files.There is also a lot of corruption within the police circles esp ecially if the accused person is influential or one of them. 3. 8. 4 CONFLICTING MEDICAL REPORTS When the victim is defiled they go hospital for first aid, they are then sent to a government hospital for the P3 form to be filled. In most cases the doctor who treat the victim and the one who fills the P3 form give conflicting reports putting reasonable doubt in the prosecution case. 3. 8. 5 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STIGMA IN REPORTING CASES In most Kenyan cultures topics on sex are still discussed in hushed tones.The importance of a girl being married as a virgin is still over emphasized. This means that a defiled child is unclean and is hence stigmatised. In some cases the child is even blamed. Some parents silence their children as they believe if people know no one will want to marry them and if anyone does the bride price will be very little. This makes most people opt for other methods of conflict resolution. 3. 8. 6 IGNORANCE OF THE PUBLIC Despite the many awareness programs and cam paigns carried out most Kenyans still have no idea of what they should do in the case of sexual violence.Most will not go to hospital as they do not know about the 72 hours policy. Others will clean the defiled child and the clothes they were wearing hence destroying evidence, making the police reluctant to prosecute due to lack of physical evidence. 3. 8. 7 GENDER DESKS law have no skills on how to handle cases of sexual abuse. There are minimum resources to equip and train police officers on how to effectively manage gender desks. 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 POSSIBLE AVENUES OF DEALING WITH DEFILEMENT 4. 1. 1 APPLYING THE EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION S. 9 entitles everyone to the right of freedom and security. Which includes the right not to be subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources. S. 53 Every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and ha zardous or exploitative labour S. 27 states that everyone is equal before the law and have a right to equal protection and equal benefits under the law. These provisions emphasize that a child is as important as every other person and should be protected.If we emphasize these provisions then we will all take it upon ourselves to protect children from this inhuman practise. Each one of us will know we have a responsibility to protect the child. 4. 1. 2 CIVIL EDUCATION We need to educate Kenyans that defilement is not the victims fault and that tinge measures need to be taken in the case of a child being defiled. they need to understand that it is in the best interest of the child to be taken to a hospital within the first 72 hours as it makes it possible to prevent some sexually transmitted infections.It also ensures that there is developed evidence making prosecution easier. 4. 1. 3 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE It may be definite that a child was defiled but at times it becomes hard to connect the accused person to that crime. Measures like DNA need to be compound in collecting evidence in defilement cases. This is to ensure that the defence has very little avenues to create doubt as the burden of proof in criminal cases is very high. It will also add weight to the P3 form evidence. 4. 1. LEGISLATION TO CURB CULTURAL PRACTISES ENCOURAGING DEFILEMENT As earlier stated in this paper some of our cultures are the reason why we are still struggling with defilement in Kenya. Its about time parliament enacted laws that curb practises that infringe the rights of children exposing them to sexual violence and exploitation. The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens and children are part of that responsibility. Severe punishments should be set for parents who marry off their young daughters, those carrying out FGM, those practising things like beading among others.We are our culture however that does not justify inhuman practises that r uin tomorrows generation. 4. 1. 5 SPECIAL DESKS IN POLICE send FOR SEXUALLY ASSAULTED VICTIMS The government needs to train some officers to specifically deal with sexual assaulted victims. There should be a special desk for sexually assaulted victims where they will be accorded special care and advised on the measures they should take. They should also accord these victims protection from further abuse. 4. 1. 6 HOMES FOR ABUSED CHILDRENChildren being abused in their own homes should be taken away by children officers and placed in homes. This way they will be protecting these children from more harm. They will also give these children counselling and hopefully these children can live a normal life someday. 4. 1. 7 THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT I still feel like the life sentence is too lenient. A person who defiles a child as young as 3months old is not any better than a murderer because a child this young has very few chances of a normal life after that ordeal. I strongly feel castrati on is a punishment that should be incorporated into the act.No disorder or any other explanation people have attempted to offer can justify this inhumanity and with the rate at which its raising people need to realise the seriousness of their actions. 4. 2 IN SUMMERY Defilement is an evil thats on the rise every day in this country. And its not just the girl child crying out but even the boy child is no longer safe. Children are Kenyas future and if we dont destroy this villain called defilement in a few years we will be having a generation of abused, angry and people craving for revenge.This will breed a generation of criminals which means we are destroying Kenyas tomorrow. So we all have a mandate to stop this evil. I hope by the time i am admitted into the bar I will not experience what I axiom during my judicial attachment. 4. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the school for the chance and support through my judicial attachment. I would also like to thank madam Ireri, Lim uru resident magistrate, for her devoted support and all the Limuru court staff in general. 4. 4 RECOMMENDATIONI recommend this this report to NGOs dealing with sexual violence and children rights, Legal scholars and the public in general. 5. 0 REFERENCES 5. 1 STATUTES 1. The Sexual Offences Act,2006 2. The Children Act 3. The Constitution 2010 4. ANPPCAN Kenya chapter. 5. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 6. Limuru Law Courts Case Law 5. 2 OTHER SOURCES 1. J. Wanjiku Khamasi & Wairimu Muita. (1991). WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. Media Coverage of Sexual Violence and its Implications on Educational Leadership. retrieved August 08,2011, from www. kaeam. r. ke/e-journal/articles/vol1/wanjikufulltext. pdf 2. Kenya country profile. (April 2009). Retrieved August 08, 2010, from www. cartercenter. org/peace/human_rights/defenders/ /kenya. html 3. Sasha Hart. (August 9 2011). Police (in)action as an access to justice barrier for defilement victims. Retrieved august 12, 2011, from www. blogs. mcgill. ca/humanrightsinterns/2011/08/09/police-inaction-as-an-access-to-justice-barrier-for-defilement-victims/ 4. Christine Kungu. (January, 24 2011). 160 Girls University of Toronto, IHRP Panel Presentation.Retrieved August 12 2011 from, www. theequalityeffects. org/pdfs/160%20girls. pdf 5. Standard team. (June 1 2005). Shocking statistics on fathers defiling daughters. Retrieved August 13 2011 from, www. groups. yahoo. com/group/MahdiUnite/message/7472 6. Winnie V. Mitullah. (July 1997). violence against women. Retrieved August 15 2011 from,www. ieakenya. or. ke/documents/Profiling%20Women%20in%20Kenya. pdf 7. Gender sensitivity. (February 2000). Retrieved on August 17 2011 from, www. unesco. org/education/mebam/module_5. pdf

Creative Writing (Story beginnings) Essay

A golden haze encircled the angels head and its torso glowed dazzling sinlessness against the drab dreary environ behind.Whats happe she willed her m let outh to finish the sentence but it wouldnt obey so she gave up. She fought too against the shake up force taking her away from the slightly numb pavement but as every ounce of resistance drained out of her limbs, she went limp and was completely at its mercy. The final thought that crossed her theme before it succumbed to the black drove that eventually engulfed her was that she recognised this angel.*Elizabeth Anne Johnson Lizzie to her companions was a exquisite daughter. With endless jet-black locks flowing muckle her back and striking features, she looked straight eat up a catwalk. Tonight she was wearing her favourite pale pink mini-dress with manicu flushed nails and dainty heels to match and with her perfect figure, she was more than able to carry it off. A combination of her sensory looks and the confidence she exuded made every head turn when she walked past a fact of which she was well aware.Lizzie had fagged all night in Brightons sunrise(prenominal) trendiest nightspot Heaven. The place was let out with bodies bouncing to the thundering beats pounding out of the state of the art stereo system. They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing overtop in the glass booth above. Fluffy white clouds were suspended from the ceiling, in keeping with the paradisiacal theme, and the strobe lighting completed the effect.The drinks were flowing and the atmosphere was electric automobile just how Lizzie homogeneousd it and as she cast her chocolate-br birth eyeball around the dance floor a wave of euphoria swept over her. She felt as though she was perched on top of the humanity.Al drivey tonight, she had received fifteen requests to buy her a drink a record even by her standards and had accepted just one. This was one more than usual though. She may have seemed like th e happy-go-lucky type but appearances can be unreal and she was quite the opposite. Lizzie, a season partygoer, was super wary, especially after the lettersNevertheless, against her better judgement, she was drawn in by the hypnotic charms of this blonde-haired alien and felt powerless to resist. His eyes were bottomless pools of despoil blue and he had a passive, peaceful presence she trusted him immediately and completely.She began chatting to him and it suddenly dawned on her that she was sex act her life story to a total singular but she pushed the thought out of her mind just as quickly as it had surfaced. Besides with his crisp white shirt, soft voice and wide grin, he seemed harmless enough.Chapter One (2)The sun was playing hide and seek behind the rows of trees as Detective Flynn drove up to the Heaton mansion. He was filled with the giddy convulsion of a man about to change his life. He knew how lucky he was to be here and that this case could potentially accomp lish or break his career.Flynn was extremely tall and so scrawny one feared he might blow over in a sudden gust of wind. Through the flaming red curtains flopping over his forehead, intense blue eyes peered out inquisitively. As the mansion came into view for the first magazine he was awestruck. Beyond the wrought iron gates, it stood man-sized and handsome. It was a huge stone structure with countless windows glinting in the afternoon sun and set in acres of sprawling grounds, of which every move on was flawless. The only thing blemishing this perfect water food colouring was the black and yellow police tape running the length of the building.The old rusty Ford Escort coughed and spluttered to a halt in the immaculate courtyard and with an almighty heave Flynn managed to force the door open. As he stepped out gravel crunched beneath his feet. He was appareled in a pair of old faded Marks and Sparks jeans and looking around, was suddenly pain effectivey aware of how old and faded they really were. He was similarly regretting the rest of his wardrobe choice. His slightly off-white shirt had a straight out of the laundry basket look and his black leather loafers hadnt seen a dab of polish sincewell ever.Despite this, John Heaton greeted Flynn with a warm friendly handshake. The two had been at school to ownher and even though their lives had taken extremely different paths, they had remained the best of friends. As he was being introduced to Heatons wife Claudia, the detective couldnt help but notice how much his friend had changed. A nervous and slightly awkward teenager, John Heaton had become a confident self-assured 35 year-old. He now spoke with the eloquence and energize that only a multi-billionaire could. He was dripping with expensive designer labels a far cry from the washed out tee shirts and baggy jeans of his adolescence. Money oozed out of his every pore.One thing, however, had definitely not changed. Observing the inspirationy look that de scended upon his face as he gazed at his wife, Flynn could tell his old chum was even so a sucker for a pretty girl. And this was one pretty girl 15 years his junior, actress Claudia Gilbert-Heaton was a blonde-haired, blue-eyed beauty. Yet, as she tentatively extended her dead manicured hand to shake his, Detective Flynn took an instant disliking to her. Her broad smile was almost condescending and didnt reach her eyes, which were icy and distant.Im so blissful to finally meet you, she said, looking him up and down, staring pointedly at the ink stain on his shirt pocket. The disdainful look in her eyes betrayed her words and he could tell she was quite the opposite. The reason for this, he would soon discoverChapter One (3)It screamed at me. Its waving arms taunted me as they jerked up and down and the smiley face was more of a sneering face. At that moment all I wanted to do was shatter it into a thousand pieces but it was so far away and my legs were still sound asleep. I pick ed a rolled up sock up off the floor and with all the energy I could muster, sat up and launched it. It hit its intended destination with satisfying thud and mercifully, the screaming desisted.Putting the bright yellow, Little Miss Sunshine alarm time so far out of reach had been a pre-emptive strike by mother against my Sunday morning lie-in. Ha, I thought, shell have to think of something better than that I managed the beginnings of a triumphant grin before, exhausted from my exertions, I slumped onto the lumpy mattress and slid back into a peaceful slumber.Ten minutes later I heard the active purposeful pounding that could only be her bounding up the stairs. She burst through the door, wearing her mechanical cheery smile.Morning love, sleep well? Why arent you up yet, I heard the alarm go off ages ago? she asked, ruffling my unruly brown curls. She then marched over to the window, with unnatural liveliness considering the time and scattering the curtains wide.Oh Mum, its too b right, I mumbled in complaint, raising an arm to shield my bleary eyes from the light. She ignored me.I sometimes think you wouldnt get laid an early morning if it came up and bit you on the behind. Now get up, Im sure youve plenty of work to do today and we usurpt want you falling behind now do we? she chirped, practically, it seemed, in unison with the birds outside.I need sleep, I whined, yearning for some pity. It didnt come.You shouldnt let sleep get in the way of things. Heaven knows I dont I cant. What would happen if I did? Nothing would get done around here thats what she tutted and continued with renewed vigour, Goodness, look at the state of this room Im sure youve forgotten what colour the carpet is This is not a positive working environment. How on earth can you get anything done in here? She asked and without pa victimisation for an answer, delved into the abyss that was my bedroom floor. She began form tidying and organising like an unstoppable whirlwind of effici ency, her neat blonde bob bouncing up and down. I merely lounged on the bed and watched on in amazement. Within minutes she had transformed the cluttered chaotic mess into a tidy, orderly bedroom.When she finished, she stood up, brushed some imaginary specks of dirt from her skirt and staring at my sprawled out figure, flashed me the look. Oh no, I groaned inwardly. It was the I-am-so-disappointed-you-didnt-turn-out-more-like-me look. This look was always followed by a stream of criticisms, of which most, to be fair, were usually quite accurate. I sighed and braced myself for the oncoming tirade.Literary Analysis of Story stolon (1)When writing my own story opening, I tried to use techniques that would make the ratifier want to read on.For example, I described the main characters appearance in detail so that the ratifier would be able to form a mental picture of her. Just from the first few paragraphs, the reader knows that she is a beautiful girl with endless jet black locks and chocolate brown eyes. The effect of this is to make the reader relate to her with empathy rather than objectivity because they feel they know her.I besides tried to show her personality was sweet and kind. Her clothes and shoes are powder-pink and dainty. I also mentioned that she seemed like the happy-go-lucky type. I did this so the reader would like her and be affected by anything that may happen to her.I included her full clear Elizabeth Anne Johnson so that the reader would feel like they were getting a complete picture of her. However, for the rest of the opening, I referred to her as Lizzie. This created a bond between the reader and the character because she is Lizzie to her friends so the reader feels like her friend.It is written in the 3rd person narrative so the reader can get a full overview of all the events in the story.The narrative structure deviates. This creates suspense, as there is no development of the action in the first paragraph in the rest of the opening .I purposely created a huge contrast between the eerie and spooky first paragraph and the rest of the opening, which seems like an ordinary night out, by using varying degrees of character and event description. In the first paragraph I did not use any description at all and just apply non-specific terms like she. This was to create mystery and apprehension.In sharp contrast to this, I fully described character and events in the rest of the story. I began with telling the reader her full name so they felt they were being formally introduced. I then went on to describe her appearance, clothes what she is doing tonight she was wearing She had spent all night because I did none of this in the first paragraph.I did however make some links. For example, in the first paragraph, the words angel, uplifting and glowed are used. In the rest of the opening, the words Heaven, fluffy white clouds and euphoria are used. This is to create a link between the two move of the story and establish an ongoing theme of heaven and the supernatural.I also used a sense of vulnerability to link the two main characters. With the girl in the first paragraph it is obvious. I used carefully chosen vocabulary. She willed her mouthit wouldnt obey shows that she isnt even in control of her own body. She fought to against the uplifting forcewas completely at its mercy, her mindsuccumbed to the black cloud that eventually engulfed her. Also the word succumbed is quite passive.However the vulnerability in Lizzies character is subtler. At the end, she is drawn in by the stranger and feels powerless to resist. This links Lizzie and the girl but also the angel and the stranger because they hold the power in the respective relationships.I think the links make the reader want to read on because its like broad them some pieces of a puzzle. They can see some of the picture so they read on so they can find the rest of it.To create elevate curiosity, the phrase especially after the letters is not exp lained at any point in the opening, forcing the reader to form their own opinion. The fact that she was extremely cautious especially after the letters makes the letters seem sinister and let the reader know they were a cause for concern. I used ellipsis at the end so show it is an unfinished thought and an unanswered question.I carefully chose vocabulary to herald dramatic events. For example, on top of the world is a well-known phrase, which means in a position of great happiness or success. However I used the phrase perched on top of the world in my story opening. The word perched suggests instability and precariousness so implies that her happiness may be short lived.I also used the progression of time to create effect. The story begins with the girl trying to speak and then finally collapsing she willed her mouth to finish the sentence but it wouldnt obeysuccumbed to the black cloud that was threatening to engulf her and then goes to a lively vibrant scene. I did this so the s cene would seem like a flashback or a dream as we know the main character is unconscious. The strobe lighting in the scene adds to the dream-like quality.I tried to create an image of the setting (the club) being beautiful and pure. I did this by calling it heaven and using description like fluffy white clouds. I then used words like heaving with bodies thundering beats and pounding when describing the people and what they are doing to create a contrast. I did this to imply that clubbing itself is innocent enough but the people make it dangerous.I used alliteration in several places for effect. drab dreary wall emphasises how dull and grey the wall in contrast dazzling white of the angel, to to make it stand out more. In bodies all bouncing to the thundering beat, the b sound is repeated to try and mirror the beat of the music. I used the phrases bottomless pools of baby blue and passive, peaceful presence because they are quite soft sounds and I wanted to make the stranger seem s edate and therefore contrast with the setting, which is electric.I used a metaphor They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing master in the glass booth above because it emphasises the instrumental nature of the clubbers and the idea of a person wielding power over someone else. The issue of power is explored in many different parts of the story.I also used repetition. The word seemed is used at the end the last paragraph. She may have seemed like the happy-go-lucky type but appearances can be deceptive and she was quite the opposite and he seemed harmless enough. This is to suggest that just because the stranger seems harmless he may be quite the opposite and to foreshadow him doing something harmful in the future. I put it in italics both times to add emphasis and draw the readers attention to it.In conclusion, I think the techniques I used were effective because there are unanswered questions right at the beginning, which are never answered and this appeals th e curiosity of the reader, making them want to read on.

Wendy’s Importance in the Shining

Wendy is portrayed differently in film and book. Now we are going to whistle ab out the Wendy in film first. She is irresolute and passive, always submissive to her save and stick to her role as a m separate a married woman. In fact, Kubrick once explained why he presented wendy so differently from the one in the book, he state Wendy is portrayed in this way so that the film audience would non wonder why she puts up with shite for so long. * Her submissiveness to Jack can be revealed in the scene that Jack was typing his work while Wendy stepped in and tried to know if his work had been smoothen or not.In response to what wendy said, Jack did not appear to welcome wendys coming. He even accused her of interrupting his work and started establishing a new rule with unsavoury language used. The point is, regarding scalawags reaction, wendy just kept saying yeah and ok to show her agreement to his reaction. She even suggested making sandwiches for him. All these showed that sh e was a very submissive and passive to her husband, and she would not voice her opinion easily in face of Jack. * Wendy kept sticking to her role as a married woman and a mother.Scenes of her preparing breakfast for her husband and child can be seen from time to time in the photographic film. It is just manage she was any other traditional women since these kinds of trade had long been seen as daily routine of mothers and wives. Thus these scenes actually reinforced her image as a mother and a wife to audience. * Her costumes in the movie also demonstrated her motherly nature. Very often when she appears in the movie, she was wearing aprons and had her hair tied up, which implies she had been occupied with housework and house chores since thats what women are like when they are doing that. However, wendys passiveness actually has played a role in contributing to the tragic end of the story. in fact, although jacks phlegm and irrepectful attitude to her had already showed his decr easing love, care and passion for her, all she did was just sticking to her role as a mother and wife continuously without doing other things to save her marriage. For example, apart from the scene about interrupting her husbands work which I just mentioned, there is a scene that she prepared breakfast for her husband in the morning.It is just like her husbands attitude to her would change if she kept sticking to her role as a good wife and a good mother since that may gain her husbands appreciation some day. * Apart from this, her over-reliance to her husband all added fuel to the tragic end of the story. for example, when she was told by Danny that he had been pique by the woman in room 237, her first reaction was to run to her husband and asked her husband what should they do next. Her over-reliance on Jack so made her become hysterical and frightened when Jack was out of his mind.Her actions were all out of an instinct to survive and protect her son. She herself did not really know how to smooth down and make decisions properly on her own. * Since she was very submissive to her husband and she dared not ask and read about the things that Jack did and wrote, she became ignorant of her families dangerous situation. it was not until she found that all the things jack had been typing these days were all work and no play makes jack a dull boy that she realized that jack had gone out of his mind. This ____ shot shows her desperation and fear clearly to the audience.And the over-the-shoulder shot which demonstrated jacks point of view in seeing his wifes back further signifies the danger approaching wendy, which had not been observed by her. * It is known that shots have a function of showing the audience subjects point of view as that particular moment, and these contrasting shots showing jack approaching wendy when he discovered what wendy found about him can not only demonstrate how they saw each other as that moment, jacks insanity and wendys helplessnes s can also be shown clearly to the audience.It is because with their dominance in these shots, audience can see the characters facial expression as well as their body movements and gestures which showed their emotions and feelings clearly. * Now we are going to talk about the wendy in book. In fact, the wendy in book is not as submissive as the one in film. For example, she once wanted to get divorce with jack after jack hurt Danny. This means she was not submissive and passive to save herself and her son in face of her husband.She even voiced out her opinion and grievances to jack from time to time. For example, when they heard strange noises coming from outside of their room and jack wanted to go out and see by himself, wendy said Dont you dare leave us alone and suggested going to investigate what happened together. She also gave suggestions about how to get Danny out of the hotel after he was hurt by the woman in 237. * Unlike the wendy in film,

Blood and Organism Physiology Paper

Organism Physiology Paper Greg Jenkins BIO/101 August 2, 2012 Jimmie Cave Organism Physiology Paper Organisms Overview This explore is about an pipe organism diagram that the writer has found for reasons while doing his investigation. The writer has selected to center his findings on clement world aimed for his research paper. The writer has elected a illustration that will describe on the button how the organism in the figure has progressed physiologically to become suitable to its environs.Human Diagram The Human Figure The whole merciful form is an organism. There are numerous structures in the human format. An organ is comprised into double or additional materials pack into one functioning component that completes a fine purpose. Each organ has a precise part in the human carcass for improvement and a human being condition. The tissues in the consistency are significant because they labor together scientifically to vigorous sustain and keep the individual alive. of impo rt organ methodsThe chief organ structure is mainly the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, endcannabinoid system, endocrine system, integumentary system, tolerant system, lymphatic system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, urinary system, and the vestibular system. Circulatory system move and directing plasma and commencing the body and lungs with the central part of the human which is the heart, and blood vessels. Digestive System phthisis and dispensation food with salivary glands, throat, abdominal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, your guts, rectum, and anus. . Endocannabinoid system neuromodulator lipids and receptors intricate in a diversity of functional procedures containing your desire for food, savor of pain-sensation, humor, motorized way of knowledge, synaptic flexibility, and remembrance. Endocrine system contains the way the body receives messages inside the body by hormones made through the endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenals or adrenal glands Integumentary system is consistency of the human outside, physical being Immune system battle off infection Lymphatic system relocation of lymph amongst materials and the plasma flow, musculoskeletal system muscles are accountable for association and the bones offer structural provision and security with skeletons, tendon, muscles, and ligaments. unquiet system gathering, transporting and dispensation data to the brain, vertebral, central nerves. Reproductive system the sexual role organs in the muliebrity and man are very different, but plays a big part in human reproductions Respiratory system is the system of which a human needs to breath, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. Urinary system is the human way to asphyxiate out and balance the defecation of waist. Vestibular system adds to our equilibrium and our sense of three-dimensional coordination. (How Many ar There, 2011). The structure of the human system is a group of organs that help each different to sustain the human purposes. Materials cannot achieve these tasks alone the organs are what support the materials to achieve its purposes. The chief organs through the body are the heart and the blood container. Conferring to Simon (2010), an entity is contingent on the matching of all its organ organisms for existence.For example, nutrients that are captivated from the gastrointestinal region are dispersed all through the body by the cardiovascular system. But the heart that drives blood over the cardiovascular system needs nutrients engrossed from nourishment by the gastrointestinal area and also oxygen (O2) gained from midair by the respirational system. Evolved physiologically Every entity is an exposed system, which agency around unceasing interchange of substances and vitality with its environments. Organisms needs familiarize with it s surroundings in demand to live.This is exactly how the body functions with an exposed system Eating, breathing, excrete, urinate, perspire and give off heat. Conferring to Simon (2010), Nutrients and oxygen must go in all be cell, and carbon dioxide and all waste material got to be empty out. All existing organisms can adjust and react to its background. The most imperative body purpose is to preserve its honesty. Homeostasis, which accurately content sturdy state, is the inclination to uphold comparatively persistent situations in the center surroundings even subsequently the outward environs changes (Simon, 2010).Variations do happen in the environment but are usually just to the assortment that is acceptable for all living cells. References Picture- How many are there. (2011). Retrieved from http//howmanyarethere. realize/how-many-organs-are-in-the-human-body/ How many are there. (2011). Retrieved from http//howmanyarethere. net/how-many-organs-are-in-the-human-body/ Simon , E. j. (2010). Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (3rd ed. ). Pearson Education.

Discuss one Biological and one Psychological Explanation of Aggression Essay

Some biologic psychologists point to the role of neural and hormonal mechanisms in encroachment. Hormones have already been affect in a number of other psychological disorders, e.g., depression and eating disorders.Studies have found a strong, positive correlation amidst takes of testosterone and aggression. This applies to both men (Olweus et al 1988) and women (Ehlers et al, 1980). Clare (2000) noted that girls with the condition congenital adrenal hyperplasia which is implicated in high levels of aggression engaged in more rough and tumble play. Testosterone appears to be almost influential at two stages of life a few days after hold i.e. the unfavourable time period when sensitisation of neural circuits happens and in adulthood when testosterone modulates neurotransmitter pathways.Hormones are definitely at least touch baseed to behaviour although a problem exists in trying to establish cause and center, which will be discussed later. Much human and non-human resea rch points to a merge between the two. For example, when levels of testosterone peak at the time of pubescence in young human males, aggression also peaks.Many non-human living organism studies support the idea that aggression is somehow caused or linked with testosterone. One such method of testing this is to castrate various animals. This eternally leads to a marked decrease in aggression. Furthermore, when testosterone is replaced by hormone therapy in the castrated animals, the aggression of the animal returns to its pre-castration level (Simpson, 2001). This seems to support a causation install or at least a link between the two. A similar study on cockerels by Berhold found the same effect.More specifically, it seems that androgen stimulation in the early days after descent (up to ten days) causes changes in the neuronal system, which affects the level of aggression of a person through into adulthood. Women are typically little aggressive because their brains contain important blockers which block most of the effect of the testosterone in the brain. Male mice who are castrated straight after birth throughout their whole life even if they are given hormone therapy, i.e. huge doses of testosterone, later on in life. If the castration occurs 10 days after birth, the difference in aggression levels is much less obvious. This is supposed to be because of the androgen stimulation in the neural circuits during the early days after birth (Motelica-Heino et al 1993).The usual explanation for the link between testosterone levels and aggression is that testosterone interacts with androgen or oestrogen receptors. During the exact time period, testosterone sensitises certain neural circuits in the brain. This allows for the effects that testerone have which last into adulthood. Testosterone can affect the effect of neurotransmitters, e.g. how fast they move and the amount of neurotransmitter released. It appears to act upon serotonergic synapses, lowering the amount of serotonin available for synaptic transmission. The deduction of this is that serotonin inhibits aggression, so less serotonin means more aggression. To prove this, Simpson (2001) carried out an experiment on rhesus monkeys where he gave them serotonin reuptake inhibitors, leading to a marked decrease in aggression. This has been implicated on humans also and has the same effect (Simpson, 2001).Sapolsky has argued that although there is clearly some kind of link between levels of testosterone and aggression, this tells us nothing about individual differences in how people are affected by testosterone, why men are exceptionally more aggressive than women and does not explain why sometimes the highest levels of aggression are found in those with not an exceptionally large amount of testosterone. The relationship between testosterone and aggression is not straightforward. Does testosterone cause aggression? Does aggression increase testosterone secretion? Does neither hav e an effect on the other (i.e. a third variable is involved)?Bernhardt et al (1998) has shown that merely watching participants win or lose in sports competitions increases testosterone secretion in those who are interested in the game. Indeed, Bernhardt did an experiment where he metric participants testosterone levels before and after sports events. Men who watched their group lose had a decrease of testosterone levels by 20% and those whose team won showed a 20% increase in testosterone levels. Clearly, testosterone does not always cause behaviour/emotion, except rather the opposite can occur too. This somewhat dents the argument that hormones explicitly cause aggression.

Iranian Protest Music

There atomic number 18 a few reasons that I would exchange adequate to(p) to nous out as the goals of the presentation. After studying about Iranian Protest medicament I feel that it is a good topic to educate yourself on, or more like disagree music in general is a good topic to know a little about. cardinal of the goals was to educate our peers on what exactly Iranian Protest Music is, why it happens, and how it is done. We want them to know the chronicle behind it such as how it dates back to the revolution back in 1979.This played a routine in the publicity of the protests. We also precious them to know about the most recent uproar with the protests in Iran. It is crucial in this topic to know about the protests during the election that happened in 2009, and the reasoning behind it. The Iranians didnt like the fact that Maidenhead was supported by the U. S. So they were protesting the fact that his name was on the ballot. We also wanted them to know that it happens day a nd night, and what exactly the slight differences are between the two.The daytime is for the ones who dont mind being in the limelight, whereas the nighttime chants are more for the ones who dont necessarily want to be associated with the protests. Another topic that we wanted to skin perceptiveness and talk about was the movie Yard-e- Debating-e-Man. This was a very meaningful moving picture that kind of shows the soft military position and the heart warming side of the protests. It shows the fact that two people were best friends as children, only if demeanor took them on two completely different thoroughfares.One went down the path of law enforcement, and the other went down the path of the protesters, two different sides of the fence. Once the masks are taken off though, and they recognize each other, they rekindle those memories, which in my mind kind of wows how everyone is a person, no matter which side of the fence you are on, we all lam the same. One other point that I believe was crucial, yet a tad pictorial, was showing the opinion with the song Need from the popular singer Shania Nasal in the background.I dont believe that many people Ameri nookies in the majority realize how serious and violent these protests are. They dont realize that being associated with it can get you killed, and taking rive in the protests can do the same. These arena a Joke, and I recall that it is a big point to realize. Now on to how it went. Overall I think that it went well, and the information was taken well. I think that they really understood the history behind the protests, and how they work, day and night. The Powering went over well but in hindsight I think that we should have utilized the Powering more than what we did.We believed that the more information that we had was better, which was true, but I think that if we would have had more slides it may have all been easier to understand and comprehend what we are trying to explain. One thing that I reg ret the most about the Powering is that we didnt use a map, which was a huge mistake in my opinion. It was wide-eyed-minded to explain in our eyes because we had studied it for awhile, but I know that I am a visual learner, and without the map to show the exact place that we were talking about I believe that it was tougher to understand.With the video that I talked about earlier in the goals section I believe that it was a hit. We were under the brain that the video at the end was crucial to the presentation, but we had no idea that it would be the main focal point. We spent more time on the video than we expected but it was good to be able to show our peers a video that was and is a big part of the protests. It is a cartoon that is very simple to follow along with and understand what the message is thats being portrayed.One of the biggest things that I would change if I could is showing the graphic scene that went along with the video. The intent behind it was purely educational , but in hindsight it may have been a tad graphic for the classroom. That being said though I believe that it came across in a very serious manner, and it was taken the way we wanted it to be, to help them realize how truly horrible the scene of a protest can become. It is not Just a disagreement but it is people that are very seriously outing their life on the line for the cause, and are willing to do any(prenominal) it takes to have their views seen.Overall I think that the presentation was very effective. I think that they took the information that we had to offer well, and can understand more about Iranian Protest Music as a whole. Though thither are things that I wish we could change for sure, the biggest would be to dive more into the history. We defiantly had it in there, but I wish we would have emphasized it more than we did. We focused more on the present number with the election, but I believe that the history is crucial as well.

How organizational culture relates to innovation Essay

How organizational enculturation Can hold water Creativity and Innovation when we think of the terms Innovation and creativity we automatically think of the Individual. We often fill ourselves, what can the Individual bring into an institution? What type of creativity does the Individual curb that can restrain the organization and how would it help the organization grow? As we ask ourselves these questions we argon often overlooking the strategic aspects that correlate to an individuals capability of creativity and innovation It is important to understand the context In which the Individual processs (Mclean. 05, pg,227). one vltal aspect Is the organizational finis. organizational refinement Is denned as the shared value, beliefs and traditions that exist among individuals In an organization. When we refer to the culture in an organization we should consider if everyone In the organization have shared values and beliefs that contribute towards the organization. If so what is the organization doing to influence these sour ethics. It is important that individuals maintain a healthy organizational culture beca utilise it is an observable powerful point In the organization. hitch has a potent effect on the comp any(prenominal) well king and Its success. Now that we have analyzed the Importance of organizational culture, lets examine In how it can be done. Creativity and Innovation comes into the organization in a form of a bout in most cases. These two aspects are influenced by the organizational culture, while the organizational culture is loosely influenced by the organization itself and the experience the workers bring with them tom previous employers (Qwabe. 2013, P. 3). The organization Influences from the very beginning of the hiring mold.From the excerpt process the company chooses a certain amount of Individuals In which they eel have qualities that can bring a prescribed outlook to the company. These qualities may embroil dynamic persona lities, strong values and a clear visual sense on how to operate the business. Another management the company influences from this point is the type of attitude the interviewer is portraying to the interviewee. During the pickax process the Interviewer gives a sense out their ethos and their attitude towards the company.This glide path transmits to the Interviewee and Influences them In such a way that can determine the enthusiasm on being hired (Qwabe, 2013, P. 7) The other influence the organizational culture has is the experience the workers bring with them from previous employers and other external forces. Past experience can affect the work ethics and any contribution an individual may have with the current company. The influence towards the organizational culture can likewise be vice versa, In which the experience the company had with the previous employees.In such case the organization learns from critical experiences from the external forces. As the learning occurred, the organizations history becomes memories that After the selection process the organization must continue the positive attitudes nd work as leaders to maintain the positive behavior to ensure long term survival for the organization culture. When the organization leaders motivates the employees, the employers are more likely to feel engaged to their work resulting from relegate and more satisfactorily work outcomes (Sarrows, Cooper, Santora, 2008, P. 46). in that location are many tactics some organizations have developed to transmit this motivation and to enhance the positive running(a) environment within the organizational culture. There are six factors in which the organizational leaders mathematical crop to promote the positive environment. These six are articulating a vision for the future, providing an appropriate role model, fostering the betrothal of goals, setting high performance expectations, providing individual support and providing intellectual stimulation (Sarr ows, Cooper, Santora, 2008, P. 46-147). Organizational leaders use these six factors to affiliate it into their own leadership style. This helps them with the enhancement of creativity and innovation by advocating the organizational culture. There are four functions in which help bring the organizations culture to life. These four functions include organizational identity, sense making device, corporal commitment and social system stability (Qwabe, 2013, P. 12). The first function that will be discussed is the organizational identity.When an organization has a sense of identity it is giving the employees a better sense with what the organization wants, giving the employee a more coherent vision and understanding to the organizations objective. Therefor it is providing the employee a more comfortable state where the employee can feel more part of the mission while also strengthening the establishment of what the company is really about and what they stand for. The second function is the collective commitment. When referring to collective commitment we are referring to the energy the employee drives around the important aspects of the favors the organization.It is important for an organization to articulate collective commitments because when employees set together and commit themselves to their goals and missions, the relationship amongst each other change for the better. They feel morally obligated to support their own actions and motivate each other to reach their daily goals. neighborly system stability is another(prenominal) function of organizational cultural, yet it is also a very important appliance to the organization itself. Social system stability provides a more positive work environment giving the opportunity for the employees to have a more respectable work place.This function helps employees with the ability to resolve conflicts using a problem-focused approach rather than a person focused approach or a blaming mentality. These approaches help avoid any possible conflicts in the workplace creating the workplace to be less tensed and a more kindly environment. device the organizational culture is being given a broader understanding on what the companys strategy and values are. It gives the employee a sort of behavior shaping hat helps employees a sense of their surroundings.With this function the employees have a better comprehension in to the objective of the organization, how the organization functions and how the organization aspires to succeed their goals (Qwabe, 2013, P. 13-14). In conclusion it is set that organizational culture does indeed support creativity and innovation. These articles have also prover that the organization itself is greatly influenced within the members of the organizational culture. This is an important aspect of a successful organization. References Qwabe, N. P (2013). University of Fort cony Faculty of Management & CommerceDepartment of Industrial Psychology. (ONINE) Available athttp//www. academia. edu/1964153/ Organisational_culture_lnnovation_and_creativty. (Last Accessed 1 1. Nov. 2013). McLean, L. D. (2005). Organizational Cultures Influence on Creativity and innovation A Review of the Literature and Implications for Human imaginativeness Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226-246. Sarrows, J. C. , Cooper, B. K. , Santora, J. C. , (2008). Building a Climate for Innovation Through Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies. 15 (2), pp. 145-148